Napoleon orders the Papal States annexed to France (1809), and Trains cross the Korean border in a joint test run (2007). Born on this day: Edward Jenner, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and Jean Gabin. Died: Sandro Botticelli, Donna Summer and Catherine I.
26 events, 63 births and 59 deaths on this date.
Napoleon decreed that the Papal States be joined to the French Empire, a move that stripped the Pope of his temporal rule over central Italy. The decree was issued from Vienna, where Napoleon was campaigning against Austria, and it deepened his quarrel with the papacy.
Jacques-Louis David · Public domainThe French RevolutionHear the story in ChunksLocomotives from North and South Korea rolled across the heavily guarded Demilitarized Zone in a test run both governments had agreed. It was the first crossing by trains since the Korean War armistice of 1953 had split the peninsula.
The World Health Organization's governing assembly voted to drop homosexuality from its classification of mental disorders. The decision reshaped how medical bodies worldwide understood sexual orientation and helped end its treatment as an illness.
The heir to the throne publicly condemned the design for a National Gallery extension, comparing it to an ugly blemish on a much-admired building. The remark sparked a lasting argument about royal influence on public building and the direction of modern architecture.
Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn was annulled. It followed years of effort to escape his first marriage, a campaign that had already split England from the papacy.
Britain's declaration against France turned a long-running rivalry into a worldwide conflict. Fighting spread across Europe, North America and India, reshaping colonial power for decades.
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English physician who developed the first vaccine, using cowpox to protect people against smallpox. The word vaccine comes from his Latin term for cowpox, and his work is often credited with saving huge numbers of lives.
Cjc13 · CC BY-SA 3.0
Kazakh politician and diplomat who has been president of Kazakhstan since 2019, after years as foreign minister, prime minister and senate chairman. He stepped up from acting president when Nursultan Nazarbayev resigned, then gradually loosened the former leader's grip on power.
Қазақстан премьер-министрі · CC BY 4.0
Jean Gabin was a French film actor and singer, born Jean-Alexis Moncorgé, who became a defining screen presence of 1930s and 1940s French cinema. He starred in classics such as Pépé le Moko and La grande illusion, and won the Silver Bear and Volpi Cup for best actor.
Unknown (Mondadori Publishers), published in Grazia magazine · Public domain
Florentine painter of The Birth of Venus and Primavera, whose reputation sank after his death and was revived in the late nineteenth century by the Pre-Raphaelites. He spent most of his life in one Florence neighbourhood, painting for the Medici family.
Sandro Botticelli · Public domain
Donna Summer, the singer known as the Queen of Disco, died in 2012 at 63. Her 1977 hit I Feel Love, made with producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, is still counted among the most influential records in pop.
President (1981-1989 : Reagan). White House Photographic Office. 1981-1989 (Most Recent) · Public domain
Born a Lithuanian-Polish peasant girl, Catherine I rose to become the first woman to rule Russia in her own right after Peter the Great's death. She reigned for only two years before dying of illness in 1727.
Jean-Marc Nattier · Public domain
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