Bush signs the Patriot Act into law (2001), and House of Lords votes to end most hereditary peers' right to sit and vote (1999). Born on this day: Hillary Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton and François Mitterrand. Died: Park Chung-Hee, Gerty Cori and William Hogarth.
29 events, 69 births and 53 deaths on this date.
Bush signed the USA PATRIOT Act, a law that widened the powers of American police and intelligence agencies after the September 11 attacks. Critics argued it weakened privacy and civil liberties, and the debate over it continued for years.
Eric Draper · Public domainPeers who inherited their seats lost their automatic place in the upper chamber, a reform that began to reshape who legislates in Britain. Only a limited number of hereditary peers were allowed to remain, and the change was a major step in modernising the Lords.
Rather than accept the succession, the army hailed Kantakouzenos, the chief minister, as emperor, a move that split the empire into rival camps. Supporters of John V Palaiologos, the rightful heir, fought back, starting a civil war that would drag on for years.
Under the Nazi regime, which had held power since 1933, Polish Jews living in Germany were forced out of the country. About 18,000 were expelled, an early step toward the Holocaust.
Ali came back to the ring after almost four years out, having lost his titles after refusing the draft. His return set him on the road to regaining the heavyweight crown, which he won back in 1974.
Ira Rosenberg · Public domain
Charles V had been elected emperor the year before, having inherited Habsburg lands and the Spanish crown. His realms ran from Germany and the Low Countries to Spain and the Americas, a spread that made him one of the most powerful rulers in Europe.
Attributed to Titian · Public domain
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American politician, lawyer and diplomat who served as secretary of state under Barack Obama and became the Democratic nominee in the 2016 presidential election. She was the first woman to carry a major party's presidential nomination in the United States.
United States Department of State · Public domain
American politician, lawyer and diplomat who served as secretary of state under Barack Obama and became the Democratic nominee in the 2016 presidential election. She was the first woman to take a major party's presidential nomination, and she won the popular vote while losing the Electoral College.
United States Department of State · Public domain
Mitterrand began his career on the Catholic nationalist right before joining the Resistance and moving left. He served as France's president from 1981 to 1995, the longest-serving head of state of the Fifth Republic.
Comet Photo AG (Zürich) · CC BY-SA 4.0
Park seized power in a 1961 military coup and ruled South Korea as president until he was assassinated. His government drove rapid industrial growth, the Miracle on the Han River, but at a cost to workers' rights.
Korea.net / Korean Culture and Information Service · CC BY-SA 2.0
Gerty Cori was a biochemist who shared the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first woman to win that prize. She and her husband Carl worked out how the body breaks down glycogen to release energy, a discovery still taught today.
National Library of Medicine, Images from the History of Medicine, B05353 · Public domain
English painter and engraver who turned London vice and politics into sharp, multi-panel stories. His prints sold widely in his lifetime, and his name became shorthand for biting social satire.
Public domain
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