In the 20th century alone, the virus known as smallpox killed an estimated 300 million people. For those infected, the ordeal began with a high fever, followed by an agonizing rash. This wasn't just any rash; it was 'centrifugal', concentrating on the face and limbs. Thick, fluid-filled pustules with distinct central dents would cover the skin. Roughly 30% of those infected died. Millions of survivors were left with deep scars or permanent blindness, which occurred when the virus caused severe ulceration of the cornea. For centuries, it was one of humanity's most feared diseases, a recurring plague that seemed impossible to stop.
Smallpox: The Disease We Erased
How smallpox, a virus that killed 300 million people in the 20th century alone, became the only human disease ever eradicated.
Chapter 1
The Scourge
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Frequently Asked Questions
What made smallpox so deadly?
Smallpox was a virus that killed about 30% of the people it infected. Patients suffered a high fever and a distinctive rash of thick pustules on their face and limbs. Many survivors were left permanently blind due to scarring of the cornea.
Why was smallpox a good candidate for eradication?
The virus had key weaknesses. It only infected humans, with no animal reservoir to hide in, and every infected person showed visible symptoms. A single vaccination or infection typically provided lifelong immunity, and the virus was genetically stable.
What was 'ring vaccination'?
Ring vaccination was a strategy pioneered by William Foege in 1967. Instead of trying to vaccinate everyone, health workers focused on finding an infected person and then vaccinating a 'ring' of their direct contacts. This method stopped outbreaks efficiently with limited vaccine supplies.
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